Principles Of The Theory Of Utilitarianism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1218 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Ethics Essay Level High school Topics: Utilitarianism Essay Did you like this example? John Stuart Mill was an Englishman philosopher of the nineteenth century. His theory of Utilitarianism argues that morally correct actions are those that result in the greatest happiness for all affected. Does the theory work on an everyday life practice? Philosopher Bernard Williams has some opposite evidence about this theory. In his Critique of Utilitarianism, he claims that utilitarianism is committed to a doctrine of negative responsibility. The same claim has the Trolley Problem. Are these real problems for theory or does the Utilitarian get the answer right even in these difficult cases? To begin, in the theory of Utilitarianism Greatest Happiness Principle means † actions are right, insofar as they tend to produce happiness, wrong insofar as they tend to produce unhappiness. Mill defines happiness as pleasure and the lack of pain. He argues that pleasure can differ in quality and quantity, and that pleasures that are rooted in ones higher pleasure should be weighted more heavily than lower pleasures. However, is this theory works on practice? Lets say in country A lives more people than in country B. The country A decided to invade the country B. People from country A support this idea, and people from country B vice versa do not. According to Utilitarianism principles country A should attack country B. Nonetheless, a priori we all know that murder of people is wrong and country A should not do it. As we can see with an example above this theory is not perfect and sometimes cannot be used. Utilitarianism has opposites and needs to be rigged. Some of the opposi tes of Utilitarian was Bernard Williams, an English moral philosopher. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Principles Of The Theory Of Utilitarianism" essay for you Create order In his Critique of Utilitarianism he explains problems of Utilitarianism if I am ever responsible for anything, then I must be just as much responsible for things that I allow or fail to prevent, as I am for things that I myself, in the more everyday restricted sense, bring about (Work Cited). The author shows two scenarios. The first one is Ph. D. in Chemistry and he has an offer of a job working with biological and chemical warfare. Jobs are rare, and George has a family to take care. Moreover, Georges wife has nothing about George working on these forms of warfare. From the one hand, if George does not take the job offer, his family will be unhappy because he does not work. From the other hand if he will accept the work 10,000 people will be killed by a chemical bomb. From the Utilitarian point of view, George should not take this job. However, if someone else will accept the job offer and may even improve the experiments of biological and chemical warfare. Therefore, we will have more unhappy people (10,000 + Georges family). To clarify what Williams is talking about when he states that there is a problem of integrity between a mans projects and his actions, we can note Georges case. Focusing on a mans projects, the utilitarian asks us to forget about sincerity and to disassociate George from his feelings. In the second scenario, a man named Jim finds himself in front of a row of twenty Native Americans. Jim is the guest of the day, and as such he gets the privilege of killing one of the Indians. If Jim kills one of the Indians, he will save the others. However, if Jim will mercy this guy, all of the other Indians are going to be killed. The utilitarian will say that Jim has to kill one guy to save the most lives. However, if we digress to the problem of integrity, we find that there is a distinction between a mans action. The utilitarian would disregard Jims emotions on the overall situation. If Jim were to shoot the man, then he would feel bad. However, if Jim failed to shoot the man, Jim too should feel bad because he would indirectly be killing twenty Native Americans. In both cases it seems as though Jim would feel bad and that these feelings should not be acknowledged by the utilitarian. Overall, Williams declines the notions of utilitarianism because of its strong inclination to negative responsibility. In the case of Jim, we find that he feels sorrowful for either event that occurs. This shows that there is a problem defining integrity between a mans projects and his actions. Although Jim takes no action, his emotions suggest otherwise. If a utilitarian wants to ignore integrity, then we are left with an unexplainable phenomenon which is occurring within Jims conscience. This is a problem for Williams. Next, in the Trolley Problem, the scenario says that there is a runaway trolley on the railway tracks. Ahead on the tracks, there are five people who got stuck and cannot get out. The trolley is headed straight for them . The decision-maker in the story work for the railroad as a dispatcher and track controller. If he will pull the lever, the speeding train will switch to an alternate set of tracks on which a maintenance worker that is working in the tunnel into which in the tunnel into witch those tracks lead. There is a never-ending dilemma over which is the most ethical thing to do:nothing, and the trolley kills the five people. Or, pull the lever, diverting the train onto the side track where it will kill the maintenance worker. If we will follow the utilitarian rules we should save 5 people rather than the maintenance guy. However, the rule does not take into account other facts. Lets say that this 5 guys who trapped to the railroad because they were escaping from jail and murdered few people on their way. At the same time, the maintenance worker is the best employer in the country and has 5 kids in his family. Including this fact Utilitarian rules have to change because now the greatest happiness principle on the workers side. The second part of the dilemma is a person is standing on a pedestrian overpass immediately above the location at which the motorist is stranded. The person sees the oncoming train and wonders if there is anything you can possibly do to intervene. However, there is a large man standing next to the person on the overpass. His weight is enough to stop the speed train. A person can make a decision to save those 5 people by pushing off the fat guy on the rails. However, almost nobody will push the fat man over the side because it is an intentional act of killing. People will never make a decision that will not bring them happiness. The trolley dilemma allows us to think through the consequences of an action and consider whether its moral value is determined solely by its outcome. In conclusion, we can assume that Utilitarian is imperfect theory and cannot be used in every situation. On the example of the Trolley Problem and Williams Critique of Utilitarianism we see that Utilitarian rules cannot be used in every situation. For using the theory in Georges case and the first variation of the Trolley Problem do not have enough inform ation to make the right decision which met the requirement of the greatest happiness principle. Jeds case and the second variation of the trolley problem cannot work because the decision maker will never make a decision, not in their favor.

The Garden Of Earthly Delights By Hieronymus Bosch

Estimated to have been painted sometime between 1505 and 1510, The Garden of Earthly Delights was created by the Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch (who was known for his tenancy to create fantasy like figure painting of demons, machines and sometimes grotesque/frightening imagery). This oil painting is composed of three panels (triptych), measuring 13 feet by 7 feet when all the panels are open. When opening up Bosch’s triptych, the first panel reveals a colorful interior filled with strange building, abnormal landforms, and many different types of crossbreed (alien like) creatures. In the front of the left-hand panel, there lies three figures who can be assumed to be God himself (standing in-between) and the figure of Adam and Eve. The†¦show more content†¦The first panel depicts God introducing Adam to the creation of Eve (who was made from Adam’s rib bone) and with this first depiction the mankind’s initial state of innocence which become corrupted with God’s introduction of Eve. However, you’ll notice that in the central panel that God is absent from it, which is why it depicts humanity acting in its own free will, in which they are engaging in various sexual activities, in a board view of nude figure, hybrid fairytale like creatures, and oversize fruit and plants. Making the central panel the representation of fleetingness of worldly pleasure. The final panel, which looks like hell, showing the eccentric torment given out to the damned, which is believed to be the vengeance of God for the sins and lust that is depicted in the central panel. This can only can be assumed though because again there isn’t any concrete evidence on the true meaning or point to Bosch’s †Garden of Earthly Delights†. Since there isn’t much known about the paint true meaning or thesis, there also isn’t much evidence on the paintings backstory. Which can only lead us to theorized why or who was the painting commissioned for. One theory comes from Wilhelm Franger’s book, â€Å"The Millennium of Hieronymus Bosch,†. Where he argues the painting was commissioned by The Order’s Brethren and Sister of the Free Spirit, for their Grand Master [1]. That is just one theory among many otherShow MoreRelatedBiography of Hieronymus Bosch702 Words   |  3 Pages Hieronymus Bosch was born at the beginning of the Renaissance just after the end of the Dark Ages. Bosch was born in the netherlandish city of Hertogenbosch. Hertogenbosch is where Bosch got his last name. Bosch lived, grew up and died in Hertogenbosch. He never left the city, it is surprising that his artwork became famous. Bosch came from a family of painters. His father, uncle, and grandfather were all painters, unf ortunately none of their works survived. Bosch joined the Brotherhood of OurRead MoreAnalysis Of The Garden Of Earthly Delights1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Garden of Earthly Delights is a painting that was created by an artist by the name of Hieronymus Bosch. The Garden of Earthly Delights is a three panel painting that took from 1505 to 1510 to complete. The three panels consist of a center panel (which stands at approximately 7’2† x 6’4†) and two outer wings (which stands at approximately 7’2† x 3’2†). Initially, I’d like to talk about the artist of this elegant masterpiece. This Netherlandish painter is named Hieronymus Bosch. Bosch was bornRead MoreThe North Netherlandish Painter Hieronymus Bosch As The Most Enigmatic Artist Of His Epoch1452 Words   |  6 Pages The North-Netherlandish painter Hieronymus Bosch was considered as the most enigmatic artist of his epoch. According to an earlier Spanish writer, Don Felipe de Guevara, who reports that Bosch painted bizarre and wondrous figures because his themes were so often focus on Hell but that he executed even these creatures with decorum and good judgment. Bosch blends his innovative aesthetic principles into his religious paintings, this could tell in two perspectives: firstly, Bosch’s works presentedRead MoreHuman Sin in Boschs Garden of Delights Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Sin in Boschs Garden of Delights Hieronymus Bosch, a Nertherlandish painter is known for his fantastic visual interpretations of hell, death sin and folly. Little is known about Bosch except that he spent his life in the provincial town of sHertogenbosch and that he died an old man in 1516. His work, full of weird and seemingly irrational imagery has proved so difficult to interpret that much of it despite the remarkable insights contributed by recent research, remains unsolved. This studyRead MoreHieronymus Bosch : The Seven Deadly Sins And The Last Four Things1658 Words   |  7 PagesHieronymus Bosch was born in the Dutch municipality of ‘s Hertognebosch, between 1450 and 1455. His exact date of birth is unknown. He spent most of his life in his hometown, and that his father, grandfather, and most of his uncles were also painters. He was an orthodox Catholic and a member of a religious brotherhood. Most characteristics of his paintings are so bizarre, that in the 17th century Bosch was said to have been a heretic. He died on August 9, 1516 in Habsburg, Netherlands. We will examineRead MoreDantes Inferno and the Garden of Earthly Delights1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe Garden of Earthly Delights painted by Hieronymus Bosch, depicts many vivid fictional scenes in triptych style. The right wing of the triptych depicts Hell and the causes of mans downfall, which Dante wrote about in the Inferno. Dante tries to convey to all humanity the consequences of human actions and the levels of hell that he believes exist for different levels of sins. Dante divides Hell up into ten different circles, and there is an upper and a lower level of Hell. Dante and Bosch haveRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Peter Boschs The Garden Of Earthly Delights715 Words   |  3 Pagescomplete the message behind â€Å"The Garden of Earthly Delights† as being Bosch’s interpretation of the tempting nature of selfish vices being the folly of humanity. Though the concept mankind’s empire falling into ruin due to self-destruction is a plausible interpretation of Bosch’s work, other interpretations have been debated since the rediscovery of The Garden. An interpretation made by novelist and screenwriter Peter S. Beagle is that â€Å"The Garden of Earthly Delights† represents mankind’s corruptionRead MoreThe Garden of Earthly Delights is the modern title given to a triptych painted by the Early600 Words   |  3 Pages The Garden of Earthly Delights is the modern title given to a triptych painted by the Early Netherlandish master Hieronymus Bosch. It has been housed in the Museo del Prado in Madrid since 1939. Dating from between 1490 and 1510, when Bosch was between about 40 and 60 years old, it is his best-known and most ambitious complete work. It reveals the artist at the height of his powers; in no other painting does he achieve such complexity of meaning or such vivid imagery. The left panel (220Read MoreThe Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymus Bosch1641 Words   |  7 PagesHieronymus Bosch created The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things around 1500. Bosch made the tabletop painting with oil paint on wood panels; He created it in Brabant, which is presently known as the Netherlands. Incredibly, this masterpiece was conceived as a piece of furniture to adorn the bedroom in King Philip’s Escorial palace. The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things enlightened people about sins and stopped many from committing wrongdoings by instilling fear in people; It stoppedRead MoreThe View Of The Afterlife Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesand therefore books could be published faster and the information within them as well. During this time money and art were more related than what it used to be in the classical world. The works I’m going to use are Dante’s Inferno, The Gardens of Earthly Delights and Sisyphus in t he Underworld. Dante’s Inferno is an account of the travel of Dante through the Underworld. This work is inspired in Virgil’ Aeneid, since Dante does not only uses the same structure of the underworld, but also uses Virgil

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Ielts Essay Writing Samples Band 9 Pdf

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